{"id":16164,"date":"2021-01-21T11:14:39","date_gmt":"2021-01-21T10:14:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pluriel.fuce.eu\/?post_type=article&#038;p=16164"},"modified":"2026-07-24T19:41:39","modified_gmt":"2026-07-24T18:41:39","slug":"the-%e1%b8%8fhimmi-as-the-other-of-multiple-convivencias-in-al-andalus","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/pluriel.fuce.eu\/en\/article\/the-%e1%b8%8fhimmi-as-the-other-of-multiple-convivencias-in-al-andalus\/","title":{"rendered":"The \u1e0ehimm\u012b as the Other of Multiple Convivencias in al-Andalus"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The \ufb01gure of\u00a0<i>\u1e0fhimm\u012b<\/i>\u00a0is certainly the most emblematic juristic \ufb01gure in the history of Islamic law. Strangely, it also has the juristic status of being the most ambiguous and complex, as it lacks a coherent, genuine legal shape and doctrine. Quranic references to\u00a0<i>\u1e0fhimma<\/i>\u00a0or\u00a0<i>ahl al-kit\u0101b<\/i> (&#8220;People of the Book&#8221;) complicate the landscape. However, the <i>\u1e0fhimm\u012b<\/i>\u2019s juristic corpus has played a major role in organising the cohabitation, domination or exclusion of non-Muslims in conquered territories for centuries.<\/p>\n<p><i>Convivencia<\/i> in al-Andalus represents a unique experience in the history of Islamic law and Europe, the results of which are still felt today. But what is to be learned from the former inclusion\/exclusion of <i>\u1e0fhimm\u012b<\/i>? This issue, linked to understanding <em>otherness<\/em>, is fundamental to studying <i>Convivencia<\/i>\u00a0and grasping its mechanisms. Monotheistic Others in Islam (Jews and Christians) can thus teach us about Islam and guide us as we do.<\/p>\n<p>Iberian <i>Convivencia<\/i>, seen as a narcissistic injury and repressed memory to this day, is a historical and cultural chance to re\ufb02ect upon and research the Self and the Other. If Muslims in Europe today consider themselves, often unconsciously, as being a kind of\u00a0<i>\u1e0fhimm\u012b<\/i>, it is because Islamic discourse on the Self and the Other is profoundly inscribed into this juristic and historical heritage. Understanding facets of\u00a0<i>Convivencia\/ (de-)Convivencia<\/i>\u00a0from an Arab-Islamic view requires examining\u00a0<i>\u1e0fhimm\u012b<\/i>\u00a0in all states: protected, tolerated, dominated or persecuted. Focusing on\u00a0<i>\u1e0fhimm\u012b\u2019s<\/i>\u00a0legal status is methodologically fruitful, as pitfalls in research based solely on Islamic legal texts are avoided. It further does justice to the often obscured human dimension of Muslims and\u00a0<i>\u1e0fhimm\u012b<\/i>\u00a0living together.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":16159,"template":"","class_list":["post-16164","article","type-article","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"date_tournage":"","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The \u1e0ehimm\u012b as the Other of Multiple Convivencias in al-Andalus - Pluriel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/pluriel.fuce.eu\/en\/article\/the-\u1e0fhimmi-as-the-other-of-multiple-convivencias-in-al-andalus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The \u1e0ehimm\u012b as the Other of Multiple Convivencias in al-Andalus - Pluriel\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The \ufb01gure of\u00a0\u1e0fhimm\u012b\u00a0is certainly the most emblematic juristic \ufb01gure in the history of Islamic law. 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