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2022

Muslim as ‘Other’ in former Yugoslavia

Balkan Islam, and in particular that of the former Yugoslavia, is plural because of its ethnic diversity. However, the collective perception does not see it that way, due to a double homogenisation (historical, then political). Since the Ottoman invasion and the long-term establishment of the Empire in the Balkans, the Muslim has been associated with the Turk. The majority of Muslims in the Balkans, who were local inhabitants converted to Islam, were also assimilated to Turks by way of extension. The second homogenisation, political this time, erased ethnicity in favour of religious affiliation and many Muslims in the former Yugoslavia chose this denomination during the population censuses from 1971.

The aim of this paper is to analyse how the ‘same’ became ‘other’ by taking Islam, while this process of otherness did not take place for the same people belonging to other religions or churches in former Yugoslavia.

Lecture given at the 3rd International Congress of the PLURIEL network, 23-27 May 2022 in Beirut. In partnership with the University of Saint Joseph of Beirut and La Sagesse University.

L’Islam balkanique et notamment celui de l’ex-Yougoslavie est pluriel, et ce à cause de sa diversité ethnique. Toutefois, l’imaginaire collectif ne le voit pas comme ça, en raison d’une double homogénéisation (historique, puis politique). Depuis l’invasion ottomane et l’installation durable de l’Empire dans les Balkans, le Musulman est associé au Turc. Par extension, la grande majorité des Musulmans des Balkans qui étaient des habitants locaux convertis à l’Islam, étaient eux-aussi assimilés aux Turcs. La seconde homogénéisation, politique cette fois-ci a gommé l’appartenance ethnique pour privilégier l’appartenance religieuse et beaucoup de Musulmans de l’ex-Yougoslavie ont choisi cette dénomination lors des recensements de populations à partir de 1971.

L’objectif de cette communication est d’analyser comment le ‘même’ est devenu ‘autre’ en prenant l’Islam, alors que ce processus d’altérité n’a pas eu lieu pour les mêmes personnes appartenant à d’autres religions ou Eglises en ex-Yougoslavie.

Conférence donnée lors du 3è congrès international du réseau PLURIEL, du 23 au 27 mai 2022 à Beyrouth.
En partenariat avec l’Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth et l’Université La Sagesse.

إنّ الإسلام البلقاني خصوصاً إسلام يوغوسلافيا السابقة متعدّد الأوجه، ويعود ذلك إلى التنوّع الإثني السائد. إلّا أنّ النظرة الجماعية لا تراه كذلك نتيجة التجانس المزدوج (التاريخي فالسياسي). فمنذ الغزو العثماني وتمركز الامبراطورية الدائم في البلقان، اعتُبر المسلمُ تركياً. ومن المنطلق نفسه اعُتبرت الغالبية العظمى من مسلمي البلقان تركيّةً ذلك أنّها تشكّلت من السكّان المحلّيين الذين اعتنقوا الإسلام خلال الاحتلال العثماني. أدّى بدوره التجانس الثاني أيّ السياسي إلى محو الانتماء العرقي ليعزّزَ الانتماء الديني فاختار بالتالي عددٌ كبيرٌ من مسلمي يوغوسلافيا السابقة هذه التسمية خلال التعداد السكاني الذي أُجري في العام 1971.

تهدف هذه المقالة إلى تحليل كيف أصبح “المثيلُ” الشخصَ “الآخر” من خلال اعتناقه الإسلام، في حين أنّ عمليّة التغيير هذه لم تؤثّر قط بالطريقة ذاتها على الأشخاص أنفسهم المنتمين إلى ديانات أو كنائس أخرى في يوغوسلافيا السابقة.

أُلقيت هذه المحاضرة في خلال المؤتمر الثالث الذي نظّمته شبكة PLURIEL من 23 إلى 27 أيّار/مايو 2022 في بيروت، بالشراكة مع جامعة القدّيس يوسف في بيروت وجامعة الحكمة.

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