Pluriel

University platform for research on Islam

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French

2025

Islam in Europe or European Islam?

In this conference given on January 30, 2025, at PISAI (Pontifical Institute for Arabic and Islamic Studies) in Rome, political scientist Olivier Roy offers an in-depth analysis of the Muslim presence in Europe and its evolution. He distinguishes between two key concepts: “Islam in Europe” and “European Islam”. Roy first traces the history of relations between Europe and Islam, from early intellectual interactions to the colonial period. He emphasizes that each European country has developed its own legal and institutional approach to managing religious affairs, making it difficult to establish a common European framework.

The political scientist then analyzes the major transformation that occurred with post-war Muslim immigration. He observes the transition from a first generation, which lived a traditional cultural Islam, to a second generation claiming a deculturalized and individualized Islam. This evolution is accompanied by three distinct positions: a demand for integration while maintaining visible religious markers, a multiculturalist approach, and a Salafist tendency advocating separation.

Roy highlights the emergence of a European Muslim middle class, carrying a religious practice compatible with European values. He criticizes state approaches, particularly French, that persist in trying to “format” Islam according to unsuitable administrative models. For him, the future of European Islam depends less on institutional reforms than on the natural sociological evolution of Muslim communities in Europe.

Dans cette conférence donnée le 30 janvier 2025 au PISAI (Institut pontifical d’études arabes et d’islamologie) à Rome, le politologue Olivier Roy propose une analyse approfondie de la présence musulmane en Europe et de ses évolutions. Il distingue deux concepts clés : “l’islam en Europe” et “l’islam européen”. Roy retrace d’abord l’histoire des rapports entre l’Europe et l’islam, depuis les premières interactions intellectuelles jusqu’à la période coloniale. Il souligne que chaque pays européen a développé sa propre approche juridique et institutionnelle de la gestion du fait religieux, rendant difficile l’émergence d’un cadre commun européen.

Le politologue analyse ensuite la transformation majeure survenue avec l’immigration musulmane d’après-guerre. Il observe le passage d’une première génération, qui vivait un islam culturel traditionnel, à une seconde génération qui revendique un islam déculturé et individualisé. Cette évolution s’accompagne de trois positionnements distincts : une demande d’intégration avec maintien de marqueurs religieux visibles, une approche multiculturaliste et une tendance salafiste prônant la séparation.

Roy met en lumière l’émergence d’une classe moyenne musulmane européenne, porteuse d’une pratique religieuse compatible avec les valeurs européennes. Il critique les approches étatiques, notamment française, qui persistent à vouloir “formater” l’islam selon des modèles administratifs inadaptés. Pour lui, l’avenir de l’islam européen repose moins sur des réformes institutionnelles que sur l’évolution sociologique naturelle des communautés musulmanes en Europe.

في هذه المحاضرة التي ألقيت في 30 يناير 2025 في المعهد البابوي للدراسات العربية والإسلامية بروما، يقدم عالم السياسة أوليفييه روي تحليلاً معمقاً لحضور المسلمين في أوروبا وتطوراته. وهو يميز بين مفهومين أساسيين: “الإسلام في أوروبا” و”الإسلام الأوروبي”. يستعرض روي أولاً تاريخ العلاقات بين أوروبا والإسلام، منذ التفاعلات الفكرية الأولى وحتى الفترة الاستعمارية. ويؤكد أن كل بلد أوروبي طور مقاربته القانونية والمؤسساتية الخاصة في إدارة الشأن الديني، مما يجعل ظهور إطار أوروبي مشترك أمراً صعباً.

ثم يحلل عالم السياسة التحول الرئيسي الذي حدث مع الهجرة الإسلامية بعد الحرب. ويلاحظ الانتقال من جيل أول كان يعيش إسلاماً ثقافياً تقليدياً، إلى جيل ثانٍ يطالب بإسلام منزوع الثقافة وفردي. ويصاحب هذا التطور ثلاثة مواقف متميزة: طلب الاندماج مع الحفاظ على علامات دينية ظاهرة، ومقاربة متعددة الثقافات، واتجاه سلفي يدعو إلى الانفصال.

يسلط روي الضوء على ظهور طبقة متوسطة مسلمة أوروبية، تحمل ممارسة دينية متوافقة مع القيم الأوروبية. وينتقد المقاربات الحكومية، خاصة الفرنسية، التي تصر على “قولبة” الإسلام وفق نماذج إدارية غير مناسبة. وبالنسبة له، فإن مستقبل الإسلام الأوروبي يعتمد على التطور الاجتماعي الطبيعي للمجتمعات المسلمة في أوروبا أكثر من اعتماده على الإصلاحات المؤسساتية.

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