English
Islam has evolved in form over recent decades in Western European countries, where its lack of institutionalization and official representation allow different ideological trends, movements, and religious organizations to compete for orthodoxy. This paper first proposes to synthesize the development of major religious trends within Islamic communities in the West over the last three decades. It drafts a tripartite periodization of dominant Islamic trends represented by Embassy Islam, transnational religious movements, and new types of local grassroots associations that are often youth-driven and mostly independent from Islamic organizations. The study assesses how these three steps represent a common evolution across various European countries. The paper first argues for a distinction between the Islam of the initial migrants and the Islam promoted by transnational religious organizations such as the Tablighi, the Muslim Brotherhood, and the various currents of Salafism. Secondly, it shows how even these transnational movements and the organizations underpinning them have already lost much influence due to Muslim citizens launching many Islamic associations and charities totally independent of both transnational religious movements and foreign religious organizations. Often associated with reformism, this trend implies a religious and ideological rupture with previous religious institutions. Different factors should be considered such as a global crisis of authority in Islam, the diversification and multiplication of religious sources of knowledge, and finally an individualization of religiosity in order to help understand the transition from the domination of transnational Islamic movements to the multiplication of religious actors and ideologies. Finally, this paper aims to inspire further research to explore new ways of understanding Islam in the West and to understand the latest interactions among Islamic schools of thought, ideologies, theology, and activism within social and political spheres.
L’islam a évolué dans sa forme au cours des dernières décennies dans les pays d’Europe occidentale, où son manque d’institutionnalisation et de représentation officielle permet à différents courants idéologiques, mouvements et organisations religieuses de se disputer l’orthodoxie. Cet article propose d’abord de synthétiser le développement des principaux courants religieux au sein des communautés islamiques en Occident au cours des trois dernières décennies. Il ébauche une périodisation tripartite des tendances islamiques dominantes représentées par l’islam des ambassades, les mouvements religieux transnationaux et les nouveaux types d’associations locales, souvent menées par des jeunes et majoritairement indépendantes des organisations islamiques. L’étude évalue comment ces trois étapes représentent une évolution commune à travers différents pays européens. L’article plaide d’abord pour une distinction entre l’islam des migrants initiaux et l’islam promu par les organisations religieuses transnationales telles que le Tabligh, les Frères musulmans et les divers courants du salafisme. Deuxièmement, il montre comment ces mouvements transnationaux et les organisations qui les sous-tendent ont déjà perdu beaucoup d’influence en raison du lancement par les citoyens musulmans de nombreuses associations et organisations caritatives islamiques totalement indépendantes des mouvements religieux transnationaux et des organisations religieuses étrangères. Souvent associée au réformisme, cette tendance implique une rupture religieuse et idéologique avec les institutions religieuses précédentes. Différents facteurs doivent être pris en compte, comme la crise globale de l’autorité en islam, la diversification et la multiplication des sources de connaissances religieuses, et une individualisation de la religiosité, afin de comprendre la transition de la domination des mouvements islamiques transnationaux à la multiplication des acteurs et des idéologies religieuses. Enfin, cet article vise à inspirer de nouvelles recherches pour explorer de nouvelles façons de comprendre l’islam en Occident et pour appréhender les interactions contemporaines entre les écoles de pensée islamiques, les idéologies, la théologie et l’activisme au sein des sphères sociales et politiques.
Publié dans A. Korogulu & B. Brodard (Ed.), Transnational Islam and Muslim Politics: Policies, Identities and Ideologies, 2024, Istanbul University Press, Turquie
تطور الإسلام في شكله على مدى العقود الأخيرة في دول أوروبا الغربية، حيث أن افتقاره للتأسيس والتمثيل الرسمي يسمح للاتجاهات الأيديولوجية المختلفة والحركات والمنظمات الدينية بالتنافس على الأرثوذكسية. تقترح هذه الورقة أولاً تلخيص تطور الاتجاهات الدينية الرئيسية داخل المجتمعات الإسلامية في الغرب على مدى العقود الثلاثة الماضية. وهي تصوغ تقسيمًا ثلاثيًا للاتجاهات الإسلامية السائدة التي تمثلها إسلام السفارات والحركات الدينية عبر الوطنية وأنواع جديدة من الجمعيات الشعبية المحلية التي غالبًا ما يقودها الشباب ومعظمها مستقل عن المنظمات الإسلامية. تقيم الدراسة كيف تمثل هذه الخطوات الثلاث تطورًا مشتركًا عبر مختلف البلدان الأوروبية. تدافع الورقة أولاً عن التمييز بين إسلام المهاجرين الأوائل والإسلام الذي تروج له المنظمات الدينية عبر الوطنية مثل التبليغ والإخوان المسلمين والتيارات المختلفة للسلفية. ثانيًا، تُظهر كيف أن حتى هذه الحركات عبر الوطنية والمنظمات التي تدعمها قد فقدت بالفعل الكثير من النفوذ بسبب إطلاق المواطنين المسلمين للعديد من الجمعيات والمؤسسات الخيرية الإسلامية المستقلة تمامًا عن كل من الحركات الدينية عبر الوطنية والمنظمات الدينية الأجنبية. غالبًا ما يرتبط هذا الاتجاه بالإصلاحية، مما يعني قطيعة دينية وأيديولوجية مع المؤسسات الدينية السابقة. يجب النظر في عوامل مختلفة مثل الأزمة العالمية للسلطة في الإسلام، وتنوع وتعدد مصادر المعرفة الدينية، وأخيرًا تفرد التدين من أجل المساعدة في فهم الانتقال من هيمنة الحركات الإسلامية عبر الوطنية إلى تعدد الجهات الفاعلة والأيديولوجيات الدينية. أخيرًا، تهدف هذه الورقة إلى إلهام مزيد من البحث لاستكشاف طرق جديدة لفهم الإسلام في الغرب وفهم التفاعلات الأخيرة بين المدارس الفكرية الإسلامية والأيديولوجيات واللاهوت والنشاط داخل المجالات الاجتماعية والسياسية.
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