Pluriel

University platform for research on Islam

Initiated by
the Federation
of European
Catholic
Universities

Supported by
the International
Federation
of Catholic
Universities

Publisher : Le Bord de l'eau - Lormont

French

2020
168

The (neo) Muslim Brothers and the new capitalist spirit

Capitalism or the new capitalist spirit (whether neo-liberal or liberal in orientation) is undoubtedly a steamroller. Nothing seems to be able to stop it or even resist it, including from the holy places of the Muslim religion in Saudi Arabia. This country is the archetypal crossroads of all the contradictions and excesses observable in many politically committed Muslims: a temple of dynastic despotism, religious literalism, consumerism, capitalism and… piety! Islam and Muslims, even the most resolutely dogmatic, theorists, activists or simple militants, do not escape the merciless claws of Capital. Worse, they are generally the relay servants, if not servile, conscious or unconscious, of a capitalist doxa that does not say its name. Often, the figures of Islam studied, known (like Tariq Ramadan) or less known, militate for a ‘fundamentalist’ religious offer, openly anti-modern or, in a more nuanced way, critical of modernity, through certain effects judged to be perverse from the point of view of religious law. But at the same time, they develop and maintain capitalist attitudes and a capitalist imagination. Few of them adopt a radically anti-capitalist vision and behaviour in the name of a Muslim faith that is less materialistic than spiritual. Resistance is being organised willy-nilly. However, more significantly, the adoption of a capitalist ethos, whether avowed or not, does not signal the end of political critique, still less the dissolution of Islamist ideology and the triumph of a supposedly emancipatory individualism. This paper is based on a theoretical and empirical examination of a number of personalities in the national and Arab Islamic field. One constant seems to stand out: a particularly strong right-wing or even extreme right-wing orientation, a strong attraction to money and profit, and a strong moral rigorism!

Haoues Seniguer is a lecturer in political science at Sciences Po Lyon and a researcher at the Triangle laboratory, UMR 5206, Lyon. He is a specialist in Islamism and works on the relationship between Islam and politics in the Arab and French context.

Le capitalisme ou le nouvel esprit capitaliste (qu’il soit d’orientation néo-libérale ou libérale) est incontestablement un rouleau compresseur. Rien ne semble pouvoir l’arrêter ni même lui résister, y compris depuis les lieux saints de la religion musulmane en Arabie saoudite. Ce pays est  le carrefour archétypal de toutes les contradictions et excès observables chez de nombreux musulmans politiquement engagés : temple du despotisme dynastique, du littéralisme religieux, du consumérisme, du capitalisme et… de la piété ! L’islam et les musulmans, même les plus résolument dogmatiques, théoriciens, activistes ou simples militants, n’échappent pas aux impitoyables griffes du Capital. Pis, ils sont généralement les servants relais, sinon serviles, conscients ou inconscients, d’une doxa capitalistique qui ne dit pas son nom. Souvent, les figures de l’islam étudiées, connues (à l’instar de Tariq Ramadan) ou moins connues, militent pour une offre religieuse « intégraliste », ouvertement antimoderne ou, de manière plus nuancée, critique de la modernité, au travers de certains effets jugés pervers du point de vue de la Loi religieuse. Mais tout en développant et entretenant en parallèle des attitudes et un imaginaire capitalistiques. Rares  alors sont ceux qui, parmi elles, adoptent une vision et un comportement radicalement anticapitalistes au nom d’une foi musulmane moins matérialiste que spirituelle. Des résistances s’organisent bon gré mal gré. Toutefois, de manière plus significative, l’adoption d’un ethos capitaliste, avoué ou non, ne signe en rien la fin de la critique politique, et encore moins la dissolution de l’idéologie islamiste et le triomphe d’un individualisme supposément émancipateur. C’est sur la base d’un examen théorique et empirique de quelques personnalités du champ islamique national et arabe que cette réflexion se fonde en grande partie. Une constante semble nettement se dégager : un ancrage particulièrement marqué à droite, voire à l’extrême droite, un attrait aiguisé pour l’argent et les bénéfices, et un rigorisme moral à toute épreuve !

Haoues Seniguer est maître de conférences en science politique à Sciences Po Lyon et chercheur au laboratoire Triangle, UMR 5206, Lyon. Il est spécialiste de l’islamisme et mène des travaux sur les rapports entre islam et politique en contexte arabe et français.

Entretien vidéo sur Oumma TV :  https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=spfk1fciGNM

 

تشكّل الرأسمالية أو الروح الرأسمالية الجديدة (أكانت ذات توجّه ليبرالي أو ليبرالي جديد) من دون شكّ أداة ساحقةً يعجز أيّ أمر عن ردعها أو التصدّي لها، بما في ذلك ما يصدر عن الأماكن المقدّسة الإسلامية الكائنة في المملكة العربيّة السعوديّة. ذلك أنّ هذا البلد يشكّل نقطة التقاء نموذجية لجميع التناقضات والتجاوزات الظاهرة لدى الكثير من المسلمين المنخرطين في الحياة السياسيّة: معبد للاستبداد السُلالي، والتقيّد بحرفيّة الدين، والنزعة الاستهلاكية، والرأسمالية و … التقوى! فالإسلام والمسلمون، حتى الأكثر تمسّكاً بالعقائد، والمنظّرون، والنشطاء أو المناضلون البسطاء، لا ينجون من براثن الرأسمالية القاسية. والأسوأ من ذلك، تراهم عموماً يؤدّون دور الخدّام الأتباع، أذلّاء عن وعي أو من دون وعي، لعقيدة رأسمالية لا تذكُر اسمها.إنّ الشخصيات الإسلامية التي تمّت دراستها، المشهورة منها (شأن طارق رمضان) أو الأقلّ شهرةً، غالباً ما تناضل في سبيل عرض دينيّ “أصولي” يعادي الحداثة بشكل علنيّ، أو بطريقة أكثر دقة ينتقد الحداثة، من خلال تأثيرات معيّنة يعتبرها الشرع الديني منحرفةً. إلا أنّ هذه الشخصيات نفسها تعمدُ في الوقت ذاته إلى تطوير تصرّفات ورؤية خيالية رأسمالية والحفاظ عليها. قلّة منها تتبنّى في المقابل رؤية وسلوكاً مناهضين للرأسمالية بشكل جذري باسم دين مسلمٍ ذات طابعٍ أقلّ مادية وأكثر روحانيةً. من هنا تتشكّل مقاومات قسريّة عشوائية. إلا أنّ تبنّي التفكير الرأسمالي سواء علنيةً أم خفيةً، لا يعني إطلاقاً نهاية النقد السياسي ولا حتى تفكّك الأيديولوجية الإسلامية وانتصار الفردانية التحررية المفترضة. والواقع أنّ هذا التفكير المعمّق يرتكزُ إلى حدّ بعيدٍ على أسس دراسةٍ نظريّة وتجريبيّة لبعض الشخصيات البارزة في الحقل الإسلامي القومي والعربي انبثق عنها مفهومٌ ثابتٌ واضحٌ يتمثّلُ بتوجّه يمينيّ راسخ بل يميني متطرّف وانجذاب شديد نحو المال والأرباح والتزام تامّ بالأخلاقيات!

هاويس سينيغير، أستاذ محاضر في العلوم السياسية في معهد الدراسات السياسية في ليون وباحث في مختبرات Triangle، UMR 5206، ليون. إنّه متخصّص في الإسلاموية ويجري دراسات حول العلاقات بين الإسلام والسياسة في السياقين العربي والفرنسي.

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