Référence :
Circoncisione e cittadinanza europea (Circumcision and EU citizenship) (September 28, 2018). University of Milano-Bicocca School of Law Research Paper No. 18-09.

English

Circumcision and EU citizenship
Original title : “Circoncisione e cittadinanza europea”
Abstract
Circumcision is a practice that mainly conforms to Jewish and Muslim religious identities. However, some documents of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe tend to consider this practice exclusively as a possible attack on the physical integrity of children, without dwelling on the perspective of religious freedom and its potential inclusive value of its recognition in the interest of of universal citizenship. This is the development that will be considered in this document.
Titre original : “Circoncisione e cittadinanza europea”
Résumé
La circoncision est une pratique qui se conforme principalement aux normes juives et musulmanes. Toutefois, certains documents de l’Assemblée parlementaire du Conseil de l’Europe tendent à considérer cette pratique exclusivement comme une atteinte à l’intégrité physique des enfants, sans s’attarder sur la perspective de la liberté religieuse et de la valeur inclusive de sa reconnaissance dans l’intérêt de la citoyenneté universelle.
يشكٍّلُ الختان ممارسة تتوافقُ أساساً مع الأعراف اليهودية والإسلامية. إلاّ أنّ بعض الوثائق الصادرة عن الجمعية البرلمانية لمجلس أوروبا تميل إلى تصنيف هذه الممارسة حصريًا بمثابة اعتداء يطال سلامة الأطفال الجسدية، من دون أن تبحث في منظور الحرية الدينية والقيمة الشاملة للاعتراف بها لصالح المواطنة العالمية.
Com’è stato notato, in Italia, «[L]a religione è ben presente nella vita degli immigrati, anche quando il processo di inserimento e l’avanzare delle seconde generazioni gettano le basi per divenire cittadini italiani». Questa constatazione, valida anche per tutto il contesto europeo, fa il paio con la considerazione secondo cui «[I] membri della comunità societaria “devono”, in senso normativo, godere di alcune libertà fondamentali», fra cui, non da ultima, quella di religione e di coscienza. Peraltro, se la religione rappresenta il luogo in cui la persona umana ridisegna la sua identità, essa costituisce, a sua volta, un elemento fondamentale della cittadinanza plurale tipica della società contemporanea. L’identità religiosa, inoltre, arricchisce il sistema dei valori societari esprimendo, laddove effettivamente garantita, quella concezione del diritto di libertà religiosa che la giurisprudenza della Corte di Strasburgo considera essenziale per le democrazie. Di conseguenza, la garanzia del diritto di libertà religiosa e, insieme, del pluralismo religioso, diviene ordine costitutivo della cittadinanza democratico-costituzionale. Non mancano resistenze alla costruzione di una siffatta cittadinanza. Gli Stati-nazione, ad esempio, sono attraversati da forme di reazione etnocentriche che cercano di resistere ai complessi fenomeni connessi al processo di globalizzazione sociale, economica e giuridica. Di qui il vastissimo dibattito, con pesanti ricadute ideologico-politiche, sul c.d. vivere insieme e la coesione sociale. Tali reazioni generano stereotipizzazione e paura del migrante (spesso identificato con “il musulmano”), identificato come responsabile di una omogeneizzazione al ribasso della “qualità sociale” europea causata dall’erosione, percepita come perdita e non come trasformazione, dei tradizionali valori culturali, religiosi e civici. Tali resistenze non lasciano indifferenti. Esse lambiscono e influenzano anche gli ambienti e le istituzioni europee costitutivamente più al riparo da ripiegamenti particolaristici come quelli espressi dalle istituzioni del Consiglio d’Europa. Ci si riferisce, in particolare, ad alcuni atteggiamenti dell’Assemblea Parlamentare del Consiglio d’Europa. A partire da questo inquadramento, l’intervento che qui si propone intende soffermarsi sulla gestione giuridica della circoncisione per motivi culturali e religiosi quale cartina tornasole di approcci alla cittadinanza più o meno inclusivi rispetto al radicamento sociale di identità non tradizionali. Tale analisi consentirà di riflettere sul permanente significato politico del diritto di libertà religiosa nelle società globalizzate contemporanee.
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